Creditworthiness and affordability: common misunderstandings (2024)

We announced in ourBusiness Plan 2015/16an intention to undertake wide-ranging research with a view to consulting on possible changes to our rules oncreditworthinessto clarify our expectations of firms. Ahead of this, we thought it might be helpful to address some of the common misunderstandings that we are encountering.

Creditworthinessand affordability: common misunderstandings(PDF,189kb, 8 pages)

Common misunderstandings

1. I have to assess affordability separately fromcreditworthiness

The requirement inCONC5is to assess the customer’screditworthiness. A key element of this is the customer’s ability to make repayments as they fall due (or within a reasonable period in the case of open-end credit such as a credit card or overdraft) but this is not a separate obligation. It is a part of assessingcreditworthiness.

TheCONC5 requirement is to assesscreditworthinessbefore entry into a regulated credit agreement, and there is a parallel requirement inCONC6.2where the firm proposes to increase significantly the amount of credit or the credit limit.

2. FCA rules prescribe how I should checkcreditworthiness

We do not prescribe what checks should be made. On the contrary, we make clear that the extent and scope of acreditworthinessassessment should be dependent upon, and proportionate to, factors which may include one or more of those listed inCONC5.2.3G– such as the type and amount of credit, its cost and the customer’s financial position.

CONC5.2.3G is guidance not a rule, and as such is not binding on firms – it merely indicates matters which may be relevant in assessingcreditworthiness, depending on the individual circ*mstances.

Our approach is principles-based (andoutcomes-focussed) rather than prescriptive – the lender must make a reasonable assessment in the individual case but we do not dictate how this must be done. This is consistent with our regulatory philosophy more generally, of setting out broad principles – including ‘treating customers fairly’ – and giving firms discretion on how to achieve these.

3. The FCA is more concerned with process than outcomes

Thecreditworthinessassessment should include the firm taking reasonable steps to assess the customer’s ability to make repayments in a sustainable manner, without incurring financial difficulties or experiencing significant adverse consequences. For example, the customer should be able to make repayments on time, while meeting other reasonable commitments and without having to borrow further.

We expect the lender to take reasonable steps to assess the customer’s ability to do so, having regard to the relevant circ*mstances.

We make clear inCONC5.2.4Gthat a firm should consider what is appropriate in the particular circ*mstances, but we do not prescribe what this must involve. The key is whether the lender’s policies and procedures are effective in mitigating the risks of unaffordable borrowing, and in ensuring that customers are treated fairly and in line with our rules and principles.

4.CONCis full of rules on creditworthiness, which limits flexibility

There are core requirements inCONC5.2.1R(to assesscreditworthinesson the basis of sufficient information) and5.3.2R(to establish and implement clear and effective policies and procedures). However, most of the remainder ofCONC5.2 and 5.3 is guidance on this, and on treating customers fairly, rather than rules.

As such, it sets out examples of how firms can comply with theCONCrules and our high-level Principles for Businesses, but these are illustrative and non-prescriptive. Firms can comply in other ways, provided that they can demonstrate compliance if asked.

5. I have to make a credit reference agency (CRA) check as part of acreditworthinessassessment

TheCONC5.2.1R requirement is to make a reasonable assessment ofcreditworthinesson the basis of sufficient information, obtained from the borrower where appropriate and from a credit reference agency where necessary. We do not stipulate when it may be necessary to make a CRA check, or what this should comprise, or how lenders should use the information. This is for firms to decide in each individual case.

We can see the benefits of lenders sharing and using CRA data – particularly on a real-time basis – however, we do not prescribe this.

6. I have to do an income/expenditure check as part of acreditworthinessassessment

TheCONC5.2.1Rrequirement is to assesscreditworthinesson the basis of sufficient information. We do not prescribe what is ‘sufficient’ in each case – this is for the individual lender to decide in the particular circ*mstances. We say that a firm may want to take into account (among other things) the borrower’s financial position, including their income and expenditure and possible future changes, but we do not prescribe this.

It is open to a lender to assesscreditworthinessby other means, provided that they can demonstrate if asked that their policies and procedures are effective in mitigating the risks of unaffordable borrowing and treating customers fairly.

7. I have to verify individual income and expenditure as part of acreditworthinessassessment

CONC5.3.2R requires firms to establish and implement clear and effective policies and procedures to make a reasonable assessment. As part of this, the lender should take adequate steps, to the extent that it is reasonable and practicable to do so, to ensure that the information provided is complete and correct.

What is ‘adequate’ will depend upon the individual circ*mstances. In some cases it may be unnecessary or would be disproportionate to verify data, and indeed a lender may be able to assesscreditworthinesswithout relying on income or expenditure data at all. This is likely to depend upon the nature of the credit and the risks to the borrower.

8. I would have to use a crystal ball to predict the future

In assessingcreditworthiness underCONC5.2.1R, the lender must consider the potential for the commitments under the credit agreement to adversely impact the customer’s financial situation. Inevitably this is forward-looking. However, this does not preclude taking account of pastbehaviour, nor does it require a detailed examination of likely future changes in the customer’s financial circ*mstances.

CONC5.2.3Grefers to lenders having regard to such future changes, insofar as they may be reasonably likely to have a significant adverse impact on the customer, but this is merely as an indication of the factors that a lender may want to take into account in the individual case. There is no requirement to do so, provided that the lender’s alternative policies and procedures are sufficient for the firm to make a reasonablecreditworthinessassessment. See also CONC5.3.1G(4).

9. I have to use the samecreditworthinesschecks across the board

We make clear inCONC5.2.4Gthat the lender should consider what is appropriate and proportionate in any particular circ*mstances depending on, for example, the type and amount of credit and the potential risks to the customer.

We highlighted the importance of proportionality inchapter 4 of our policy statementPS14/3when we made theCONCrules. In particular, we noted that the risk of credit being unsustainable is likely to be greater, the higher the actual and potential costs of the credit are relative to the borrower’s financial circ*mstances; the risks will be correspondingly lower if the credit is free of interest and charges or there are either no charges payable on default or these are insignificant.

10. I have to do a fullcreditworthinesscheck even for the smallest loan

The requirement to assesscreditworthinessapplies (with some limited exceptions) to all regulated credit agreements. However, as noted above, we do not prescribe exactly how this is to be carried out. The amount of credit and the risks to the borrower are likely to be relevant factors in deciding on the extent and scope of an assessment.

Firms should take a common sense approach and decide what is appropriate and proportionate in the circ*mstances.

11. I have lent to this individual previously so I don’t need to do a fullcreditworthinesscheck

As above, the requirement to assesscreditworthinessapplies (with some limited exceptions) to all regulated credit agreements. This is irrespective of whether the individual has borrowed from the firm previously. However, it may be reasonable to take into account the customer’s previous dealings with the firm as part of an assessment of whether the customer can afford to repay the credit in a sustainable manner and without undue difficulty.

Again, firms should decide what is appropriate in the particular circ*mstances – we do not prescribe what checks should be made.

12. Automated processes are ruled out – I have to make a manual assessment

We expect firms to have clear and effective policies and procedures for making a reasonable assessment ofcreditworthinessin each case. That does not preclude the use of automated processes, provided that the lender can be reasonably satisfied that these are effective in making a reasonablecreditworthinessassessment in individual cases.

13. The FCA expects similar assessments for credit and mortgages

Following theMortgage Market Review, we have introduced specific requirements under our Mortgage and Home Finance: Conduct of Business sourcebook (MCOB). However, these are limited to residential mortgages and do not extend to consumer credit.

We do not expect firms to read across from these to theCONCprovisions.

14. The action taken against some high-cost short-term credit (payday) lenders shows that FCA has a hidden agenda

Where individual high-cost short-term credit (HCSTC) lenders have given undertakings to the FCA, or have agreed to redressprogrammes, these have been based on the specific circ*mstances of those cases and on a case by case basis. Firms should not draw inferences from these cases for their own circ*mstances.

The key is whether a firm can demonstrate that it has adequate policies and procedures for making reasonablecreditworthinessassessments, and is applying these effectively, to mitigate the risks of unaffordable borrowing. We have no presumption as to what such procedures should involve, provided that they are clear and effective. Our approach to assessingcreditworthinessis set out inCONC, and we have no ‘hidden agenda’.

15. I need to make exactly the same checks of a guarantor as a borrower

We amended our rules in relation to guarantor lending in PS15/23, including requiring lenders to assess the potential for the commitments in respect of the agreement to adversely impact the guarantor’s financial situation.

We made it clear at the same time that the assessment for the guarantor does not need to be identical to that for the borrower, but should be sufficient in depth and scope having regard to the obligations which might fall on the guarantor.

16. I canno longer lend to joint borrowers

We amended our rules and guidance in PS15/23, including adding to CONC5.2.4G that where there are joint borrowers, the lender should consider whether it may be appropriate to assess each borrower separately (as well as collectively), having regard to the risk to each borrower from the proposed credit. This is because, under a joint loan, each borrower typically is jointly and severally liable for the debt.

This is guidance not a rule. We make clear in PS15/23 that we do not expect a firm to be satisfied that each joint borrower can afford the loan individually on current income, but it should not ignore evidence that the loan would not be sustainable. In addition, firms should exercise appropriate forbearance in the event that the loan becomes unaffordable for one or more of the borrowers.

17. I am a pawnbroker so don’t need to assesscreditworthiness

Pawnbrokers are not excluded from the requirement to assesscreditworthiness. However,CONC5.3.4Rmakes clear that it is permissible in such cases to base the assessment primarily or solely on the value of the pawned item, provided that the customer’s total financial liability is limited under the agreement to the proceeds of sale which would represent the true market value of the item.

18. Brokers are also required to assess affordability

The obligation inCONC5.2to assesscreditworthiness(including affordability) falls on the lender. There are separate requirements on credit brokers inCONC5.4.

Where a credit broker is providing advice or recommendation to a borrower, it should have due regard to whether the product is affordable and whether there are factors suggesting that it may not be suitable for that customer. However, this is not an obligation to proactively assesscreditworthinessor affordability. It is about not ignoring evidence suggesting that the credit is unsuitable or unaffordable.

19. Any future changes toCONCwill inevitably make it more prescriptive

As announced in our Business Plan 2015/16, we are undertaking research to understand better how firms assesscreditworthiness(including affordability), what tools they use, how effective these are, and what are the outcomes for customers. In the light of this, we intend to consult on changes to our rules, to clarify our expectations of firms.